A primary obstacle in most methods for generating antibodies or antibody-like molecules is the requirement for at least microgram quantities of purified protein
We have developed a technology for producing antibodies using genetic immunization. Genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages, including high throughput and high specificity. Moreover, antibodies produced from genetically immunized animals are more likely to recognize the native protein. Here we show that a genetic immunization-based system can be used to efficiently raise useful antibodies to a wide range of antigens. We accomplished this by linking the antigen gene to various elements that enhance antigenicity and by codelivering plasmids encoding genetic adjuvants. Our system, which was tested by immunizing mice with >130 antigens, has shown a final success rate of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
, vitamin d3 , Texas homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.spike protein-directed humoral and cellular immune responses. This study aimed to explore their currently unknown interdependencies. METHODS: COV-ADAPT is a prospective, observational cohort study of 417 healthcare workers who received vaccination with homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, homologous BNT162b2 or with heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2. We assessed humoral (anti-spike-RBD-IgG, neutralizing antibodies, and avidity) and cellular (spike-induced T-cell interferon-γ release) immune responses in blood samples up to 2 weeks before (T1) and 2-12 weeks following secondary immunization (T2). RESULTS: Initial vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 resulted in lower anti-spike-RBD-IgG compared with BNT162b2 (70 ± 114 vs. 226 ± 279 BAU/ml, p < .
01) at T1. Booster vaccination with BNT162b2 proved superior to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 at T2 (anti-spike-RBD-IgG: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 2387 ± 1627 and homologous BNT162b2 3202 ± 2184 vs. homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 413 ± 461 BAU/ml, both p < .001; spike-induced T-cell interferon-γ release: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 5069 ± 6733 and homologous BNT162b2 4880 ± 7570 vs. homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 1152 ± 2243 mIU/ml, both p < .001). d3 vitamin were detected between BNT162b2-boostered groups at T2.
For ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, no booster effect on T-cell activation could be observed. We found associations between anti-spike-RBD-IgG levels (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 and homologous BNT162b2) and T-cell responses (homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2) from T1 to T2. Additionally, anti-spike-RBD-IgG and T-cell response were linked at both time points (all groups combined). All regimes yielded neutralizing antibodies and increased antibody avidity at T2. CONCLUSIONS: Interdependencies between humoral and cellular immune responses differ between common SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimes. T-cell activation is unlikely to compensate for poor humoral responses.Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)strategies 6 months after vaccination.Clermont-Ferrrand, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France; Clermont Auvergne Clermont-Ferrrand, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.Stress, Clermont-Ferrand, France.Clermont-Ferrrand, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.Clermont-Ferrrand, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France; Clermont Auvergne with liposome-entrapped antigen.
fish, humoral immune responses were analyzed after immunizing carp (Cyprinus carpio) with liposome-entrapped bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model antigen. Oral immunization of BSA (100 microg)-containing liposomes that were stable in carp bile induced significant antibody responses against BSA in serum as well as in intestinal mucus and bile. By contrast, no serum antibody responses were observed when fish were orally immunized with the same dose of BSA-containing unstable liposomes or BSA alone. BSA-specific antibody-secreting lymphocytes were detected in the spleen and head kidney of immunized fish. Furthermore, when we applied Vibrio cholerae toxin B subunit (CT-B)-conjugated liposomes containing BSA for oral immunization we found significant increases of anti-BSA antibodies in serum.