Here, we performed a comprehensive study of 11,650,487 SARS-CoV-2 sequences, which revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein evolved not randomly but into directional paths of either high infectivity plus low immune resistance or low infectivity plu
The viral infectivity and immune resistance of variants are generally incompatible, except for limited variants such as Beta and Kappa. The Omicron variant has the highest immune resistance but showed high infectivity in only one of the tested cell lines. To provide cross-clade immunity against variants that undergo diverse evolutionary pathways, we designed a new pan-vaccine antigen (S(pan)). S(pan) was designed by analyzing the homology of 2675 SARS-CoV-2 S protein sequences from the NCBI database before the Delta variant emerged. The refined S(pan) protein harbors high-frequency residues at given positions that reflect cross-clade generality in sequence evolution. Compared with a prototype wild-type (S(wt)) vaccine, which, when administered to mice, induced serum with decreased neutralization activity against emerging variants, S(pan) vaccination of mice elicited broad immunity to a wide range of variants, including those that emerged after our design.
Moreover, vaccinating mice with a heterologous S(pan) booster conferred complete protection against lethal infection with the Omicron vaccine to fight against SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift.using chemotherapeutic treatment has been analysed in vivo and in vitro. During the immunization period pathological as well as protective activities which could be transferred by serum were generated. The pathological activity, which was defined as destruction of erythrocytes in normal recipient mice, was generated early in the immunization procedure, peaked at day 21, and decreased to undetectable levels by day 35. After reinfection of the donor mice the pathological activity reappeared in the serum, and was maintained for at least 56 days. Analysis of the transferred serum samples showed the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies (ELISA), but no correlation with the in-vivo anti-erythrocyte effect could be found. The anti-erythrocyte effect of the serum samples indirectly increased the parasitaemia in the recipient mice through the induction of reticulocytosis.
benefits of vitamin d3 of the serum samples could only be detected in samples taken from animals beyond day 61 of the immunization procedure. This net protective effect was reflected in a decreased parasitaemia at 7 days after challenge of the recipient mice with P. berghei infected erythrocytes. The protective activity of the serum was correlated with high titres of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. Anti-erythrocyte antibody titres were strongly correlated with titres against heterologous red blood cells as well as total immunoglobulin content of the serum samples, indicative of polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. Except for IgG1, all (sub-)classes were elevated during the immunization procedure, of which IgG3 was abundant. After immunity was obtained these immunoglobulin levels remained high, and the relative amount of Combination Vaccines Administered As Per Iranian National Immunization Plan in Iranian Infants: A Randomized, Phase III Study.
Iranian National Immunization Plan in November, 2014. buy vitamin d3 : To compare the immunogenicity and safety of Pentavac vaccine (Serum Institute of India Ltd.) with two other pentavalent vaccines available in Iran, i.e., Pentabio (PT Bio Farma (Persero)) and Shan 5 (Shantha Biotechnics Ltd.). DESIGN: Randomized, phase III study.
PARTICIPANTS: 900 infants attending the study sites to receive the vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. INTERVENTION: Infants were randomly assigned to one of the Pentavac, Pentabio, and Shan 5 vaccine groups. OUTCOMES: The antibody titers were measured against five antigens, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae B, and hepatitis B before receiving the first dose and one month after the last dose. The adverse events following vaccination after each dose were recorded in the adverse events diary. RESULTS: All vaccines showed similar immunogenicity against four of the five antigens except pertussis. While vaccination with Shan 5 resulted in the highest immunogenicity against pertussis, Pentabio was significantly lower than the other two vaccines (P<0.001).
The incidence of local adverse events significantly differed among the three vaccine brands (P<0.